The field of Plastic Surgery can be broken down into two main categories –
- Reconstructive plastic surgery
- Cosmetic plastic surgery
Plastic surgery and Cosmetic surgery are generally considered sub-specialties of plastic surgery
Cosmetic surgery is a surgical expertise that aims at correcting or improving body imperfections. These may be congenital, acquired, due to illness, or due to traumatic or para-physiological events such as aging. Cosmetic surgery also includes surgical procedures requested by patients to improve their appearance. In this regard, cosmetic surgery differs from reconstructive surgery/plastic surgery, which deals with the treatment of morphological alterations that can be related to pathological conditions; in the specific nature of their respective areas, cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery both belong to plastic surgery. The aim of this discipline must be to keep the same aesthetic and scientific approach both in the resolution of body imperfections or in voluntary modifications to appearance .If, on one hand, the aesthetic dimension cannot be ignored in reconstructive surgery, then on the other hand, reconstructive surgery is strictly required in any cosmetic surgery .
Due to the fact that cosmetic surgery may lack a therapeutic purpose, it has been considered as less significant with respect to other interventions with the intent to cure or rehabilitate. Over the years, cosmetic surgery has reached a substantial equivalence to other fields of medicine. This step has mainly occurred due to the affirmation of a wider notion of health, which also includes the psychological well-being of individuals, and therefore leads to the recognition of a therapeutic function for cosmetic surgery. The concept of health is enriched with a subjective dimension, which is related to individuals' perception and appreciation for their own bodies. The request for an intervention that aims at improving the physical and psychological well-being of the person, therefore, cannot be labelled as a heteronomous evaluation, but needs to be considered as an expression of the full and conscious self-determination of the person.
For this very reason, cosmetic surgery may also be regarded as “the surgery of the soul.” It should be noted that the effects of plastic surgery are not simply the result of the search for external perfection, implemented through the correction of a physical defect, but have consequences on individuals in their entirety, that is, body and spirit. Change to the reflected image in the mirror modifies self-perception in relation to others. Plastic surgery as a discipline thus responds to a complex quest for complete psychophysical well-being. Therefore, it cannot be considered as mere reconstruction, but needs to be considered as an “improvement” in the outward appearance as it becomes essential for achieving success and well-being in professional, emotional, and social life. Surgical techniques allow, in fact, the adjustment of a healthy body to fit the standards of contemporary society.
This imposes two major necessities:
(1) a full understanding of the desires of the patient, who is aware and fully accepting of the risks related to the surgical procedure;
(2) an understanding that every surgical procedure itself, although it may be modified, cannot be reversed, and in fact results in permanent physical alteration with enduring marks (scars that cannot be completely eliminated).
To conclude with:
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